Definition and Examples of Pro-Verbs in English

In English grammar, a proverb is a type of substitution in which a verb or verb phrase (such as do or do so) takes the place of another verb, usually to avoid repetition. Modeled on the term pronoun, pro-verb was coined by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (The Philosophy of Grammar, 1924), who also considered the functions of pro-adjectives, pro-adverbs, and pro-infinitives. The grammatical term pro-verb shouldnt be confused with the literary and rhetorical term proverb, a concise statement of a general truth. Examples and Observations In its . . . auxiliary use, the relation of do to verbs is similar to that of pronouns to nouns: You could call do in this function a proverb. (34a) We want that trophy more than they do.(34b) Ill taste your raw-beet casserole if Fred does. In the first example, do stands for want that trophy, and in the second, does substitutes for tastes your raw-beet casserole. - (Thomas P. Klammer, Muriel R. Schulz, and Angela Della Volpe, Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson Education, 2007) Animals suffer as much as we do. -(Albert Schweitzer) A child needs respect as do we adults. -(Zeus Yiamouyiannis, Subverting the Capitalist Model for Education. Educating Tomorrows Valuable Citizen, ed. by Joan N. Burstyn. SUNY Press, 1996) Yes, sure, I like it. I really do. -(Robert Stone, Damascus Gate. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998) Havent you heard? She thinks Im talented, I said dryly. I thought you did, too. - (V.C Andrews, Dawn. Pocket Books, 1990) Why, I must confess that I love him better than I do Bingley. -(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813) I love him better than I do you and all I hope is that you will find someone that will suit you as well as he does me. -(Ruth Karr McKee, Mary Richardson Walker: Her Book, 1945) No one knows better than I do, or can appreciate more keenly than I can, the value of the services you have rendered me and the satisfactory results of your friendly interest in me. -(John Roy Lynch, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch, ed. by John Hope Franklin. University of Chicago Press, 1970) [I]ts extremely difficult to narrate something like, say, a murder or rape in first-person present tense (though quite a few of my students have tried). Doing so often leads to unintentionally comic sentences. -(David Jauss, On Writing Fiction: Rethinking Conventional Wisdom About the Craft . Writers Digest Books, 2011) Pro-verb Do as a Responsive The use of the proverb do as a responsive is so productive that it occurs even when do does not appear in the preceding allocution as in (19): (19) A: Well, you remember, say, the troubles round here you know {}(19) B: Yeah, I do.(Ulster 28) In example (19) the pro-verb do rather than the lexical verb remember is employed. Based on this evidence, it is therefore inaccurate to say that what is being echoed or repeated in the responsive is the verb of the preceding allocation. Clearly, it is the pure nexus or the pro-verb do (the nexus marker) rather than the predicate remember that is being repeated. -(Gili Diamant, The Responsive System of Irish English. New Perspectives on Irish English, ed. by Bettina Migge and Mà ¡ire Nà ­ Chiosà ¡in. John Benjamins, 2012) Pro-verbs vs. Pronouns I asked him to leave and he did. Did is a proverb, used as a substitute for a verb just as a pronoun is a substitute for a noun. This is intuitively very comfortable, until we take a careful look. Even though the pronoun is conceptually unmotivated it is at least morphologically motivated as a separate part of speech. But the proverb is in no way a distinct part of speech; it is just as much a verb as the verb it replaces. Now, of course, no one has said that the proverb is a distinct part of speech, yet certainly the intuitive satisfaction we get from it is directly dependent on the parallel with the pronoun, and if it werent for the pronoun the new term would never have found currency. So instead of having a coherent theory in traditional grammar, one whose parts are integrated according to well-motivated, carefully controlled principles, we have something that is built up by free association. -(William Diver, Joseph Davis, and Wallis Reid, Traditional Grammar and Its Legacy in Twentieth-Century Linguistics. Langu age: Communication and Human Behavior: The Linguistic Essays of William Diver, ed. by Alan Huffman and Joseph Davis. Brill, 2012) Style Note on Generic Do Sometimes, when writers are unable to think of the precise verb to complete a sentence, they simply plug in do; for example, They did the rumba rather than They danced the rumba. When it does not refer back to a previously used verb, do is not a pro-form. It is a generic verb, from the top of the ladder of generalization, and people often resort to using it simply because they are unable to come up with a more accurate verb, and do will suffice in most cases. Take, for example, the now popular saying, Lets do lunch. But because of its lack of specificity, do often results in lifeless sentences, and therefore writers should avoid using it (except as a pro-form of auxiliary). Used as a generic verb, do does not create textual cohesion. -(Colleen Elaine Donnelly, Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press, 1994) Do and Happen The only members of the class of pro-verb are do and happen. These stand for any unidentified or unspecified process, do for actions and happen for events (or for actions encoded receptively, in some kind of passive form). Their occurrence does not necessarily involve an anaphoric or cataphoric reference. -(M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. Longman, 1976)

Descriptive Essay About Friendship - 1528 Words

The pain of realizing that someone who you care for is bad for you hurts. Like a knife in the back, I wasn’t expecting to find out that the person who I thought could help me ford the river of my woes was the same person who destroyed the bridge to cross it. But then I realize, they came just as they left. I remember the first time I met them, I locked eyes with them and then had a battle of the wits, the winner to be crowned the bigger fan of Harry Potter. Much to my dismay, I lost. By a landslide. My defeat set aside, I realized that I enjoyed the ticks and tocks of this person’s inner workings. I realized that the hum of their gears sliding together matched with that of mine, and that maybe together we could make a symphony of hums,†¦show more content†¦To me it was the sudden darkness of a child turning off the basement lights, then running up the stairs to avoid the monsters that lurked within. I had been scared by the new person in front of me. Gone was t he person who I had arguments with over who knew more about a certain book, replaced by someone who while at their worst I couldn’t recognize. Instead of trying to fix the problem and help them like I would now, I lashed out at them for not being who I thought I was. How dare this person who I had memories of only good times with not be the happy person I knew? My fear of not recognizing the person in front of me lead to anger, and eventually my anger to hate. I hated this person for something that they couldn’t have hoped to have control over at their age, but the mind of the young and naive boy that I was didn’t know or care to know that. And to finish the cycle that started with my fear, eventually ended in suffering. I felt betrayed by one who I held dear, and I didn’t want to feel like that ever again. I decided that I wouldn’t let anyone get close to me because I couldn’t get hurt if there was never the possibility of danger. 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Critical Appraisal Heart Foundation of Australia

Question: Discuss about theCritical Appraisalfor Heart Foundation of Australia. Answer: Introduction The study is to quantify the cardiovascular diseases, the assessment of the risk in the Australian population and the treatment associated with it like the lipid lowering therapy (2) The Heart Foundation of Australia analyses the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Health Survey in 2014 showed that it is the biggest reason of mortality with a risk greater than 26% (15) According to the Heart Foundation, the cardiovascular diseases contribute to 43,603 deaths, killing a person in every 12 minutes and every one in four suffer from CVD in rural and regional areas when compared to metropolitan cities where one in five suffer from the disease (16) The cross-sectional study design was adopted to study the 9564 people aged 18 years and participated in 2011-2012 at the Australian National Health Measures (ANHM) design survey (13) This design was adopted to study the extent of the CVD and the associated risk exposures in Australia. It is suitable for studying the prevalence of the behavior of a disease in a population (12) It is quick, easy to understand, cheap to maintain and based on questionnaire (4) The study design was beneficial in quantifying the CVD, the associated risks in different age groups and the assessment of it (10) The underlying treatment was also studied like the use of lipid lowering therapy (9) In general population, the study was aimed at making the people aware about the CVD, the associated risk and different strategies to reduce it by performing awareness programs, planning and implementation of the strategies. In the concerned population, the individual risk can be studied, the factors contributing to that risk and the management plan of the reduction of the risk. The disadvantage of the study is that it failed to identify the studies done previously for absolute CVD detection for population, the representative information, the integration of primary and the secondary CVD and the treatment of high blood pressure and lipid lowering therapy. The important disadvantage was the NHMS tool with limitations that lacked data of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) and proteinuria in feeding NVDPA algorithm. The above limitation led to inclusion of participants that are older in age and already suffering from one or more weakness. The authors managed this disadvantage by the under-inclusion of absolute risk of CVD that had been underestimated in people above 74 years. The general population of interest is the study of CVD, the risk associated with it; implementation of CVD assessment on a large scale based on the absolute risk is most cost effective. The study sample was 9564 participants from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Health Survey (2) of group of 18 years and the data provided by the National Health Measures (NHM) survey between the years March 2011 till September 2012 (14) The 30,329 eligible participants in NHM survey and 46.5% of it aged 45-74 years. This sample population is considered because they were aimed at quantifying the absolute cardiovascular disease risk in the adult Australian population aged 45-74 years and treatment of blood pressure with lipid lowering medications as the risk factors are most in this aged population with CVD. This age group is important as they have an absolute risk of a future CVD. The findings concerned the population in a generalized way that is undergoing the treatment for CVD and the related risk. The risk could be assessed before the commencement of the treatment and moreover the category changed when the ongoing treatment shifted with the consumption of the blood pressure and the lipid lowering medications (3) The findings could not be generalized to the groups of people who are at low risk for CVD as compared to the group of people who are at high risk and undergoing treatment with lipid lowering therapy and reduction of blood pressure. The concern for the study is appropriate. The cardiovascular diseases are reaching an alarming stage due to the sedentary lifestyle and due to obesity (5) The individual risk management, the factors contributing to the risk and the assessment of the concerned risk were also important that potentially benefitted to balance the harms and the benefits and cost-effectiveness of the associated treatment (1) American Diabetes Association. 8. Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes care. 2015 Jan 1;38(Supplement 1):S49-57. According to the above mentioned paper, cardiovascular disease is the major concern in people and the risk management in individuals. The blood pressure control with routine check-ups and self monitoring is important as it is an associated risk factor with CVD. The lipid management is also important as quoted by this article and it correlates with our concerned paper regarding the age group of 40 years and above. The lipid profile screening is crucial at the time of the first diagnosis and the initial evaluation for CVD. Jansen J, Bonner C, McKinn S, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Doust J, Teixeira-Pinto A, Hayen A, Turner R, McCaffery K. General practitioners use of absolute risk versus individual risk factors in cardiovascular disease prevention: an experimental study. BMJ open. 2014 May 1;4(5):e004812. The above paper stated the findings that justify the concerned paper. They found out that the management of risk in individuals is important for the absolute risk evaluation in CVD. The results could be concluded in a way in which the lipid lowering or blood pressure medication is provided for patients at low risk of CVD. It also stated that the management of individual risk is a more consistent approach for proper risk evaluation. Internal validity is a term used to evaluate the authenticity of the research. It refers to the well execution of the experiment and avoiding the independent variables like the cause that is acting simultaneously (17) The internal validity helps you to choose only one explanation over the other with high confidence limits as it avoids multiple possibilities (19) It approximates the truth about the cause-effect relationships. When we extend our findings to a generalized population at large is the external validity. It validates the result obtained from a small group whether in laboratory or to a small sample group and extended to entire population (6) The poor external validity does not justify the results along with the sampling and the selection criteria. The bias is defined as a tendency that occurs to systemic error during the introduction of sampling or selecting out just one outcome over the other ones. The scientists portray the outcome by performing research that influences the results called experimental bias. Bias is a qualitative research that makes the result more dependent (7) The error in research can be explained in a way that it is the difference between the average values obtained in a study and the true average value of the targeted population. The error explains the extent to which the study is lagging the mark by eliminating the flaws made in research study (8) The basic difference between the error and the bias in research is that error constitutes the flaws in a study result but the bias is only systematic in nature. When the data is collected in a way that is different from true value of the concerned population it is bias. The bias is a result of mistakes whereas the sampling error is selection of appropriate sam ple size and method (11) The potential sources of bias that arises in a cross-sectional study are selection bias and the informational bias. In selection bias, it is necessary to select a sample called the study population but this selection is done at random and not representative resulting in the serious selection bias. The investigator and the study subjects are considered in the selection bias. The information on the risks and the outcomes along with the other factors was considered. The possible related biases are obtained in performing the research. It is an information bias. The exposure and the outcome are the main considerations in information bias. A confounding variable is a pure prevalent of survey. It is also a potential source of bias. The dependent and the independent variable are considered in the experimental design. It is a secondary and a changing condition that hypothesize the experimenters inference of cause and the effect relationship. To maintain the integrity of the findings, the researchers control the confounding variables. The researcher needs to consider the potential conditions and the invalidation of the results. It is important to control the confounding variables so that the experimental findings are not unreliable (18) The notion of bias is related to the confounding variable. The positive and the negative confounding are relatable to the notion of bias. Concisely, confounding is a condition in which the effect between the exposure and the outcome is distorted in presence of another variable. When the observed association is away from the null called the biased condition in positive confounding and when the observed association is towards the null is the biased condition in negative confounding. The positive and the negative conditions intend to occur in confounding variables (20) References: Artac M, Dalton AR, Majeed A, Car J, Millett C. Effectiveness of a national cardiovascular disease risk assessment program (NHS Health Check): results after one year. Preventive medicine. 2013 Aug 31;57(2):129-34. Banks E, Crouch SR, Korda RJ, Stavreski B, Page K, Thurber KA, Grenfell R. Absolute risk of cardiovascular disease events, and blood pressure-and lipid-lowering therapy in Australia. Med J Aust. 2016 May 2;204(8):320. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. The Lancet. 2014 Aug 22;384(9943):591-8. Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education. Routledge; 2013 Mar 7. De Schutter A, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. The impact of obesity on risk factors and prevalence and prognosis of coronary heart diseasethe obesity paradox. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2014 Feb 28;56(4):401-8. com. External Validity [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://explorable.com/external-validity com. Research Bias [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://explorable.com/research-bias com. Sampling Error [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://fluidsurveys.com/ Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update. Circulation. 2014 Jan 21;129(3). Joffres M, Falaschetti E, Gillespie C, Robitaille C, Loustalot F, Poulter N, McAlister FA, Johansen H, Baclic O, Campbell N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2013 Aug 1;3(8):e003423. science.psu.edu. Lesson 4: Bias and Random Error [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat509/node/26 Sedgwick P. Cross sectional studies: Advantages and disadvantages. Brit. Med. J. 2014 Mar 26;348. abs.gov.au. 4363.0.55.001 - Australian Health Survey: Users' Guide, 2011-13[Internet]. 2015 [cited May 2013]. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4363.0.55.001 aihw.gov.au. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease Australia facts [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129549614 heartfoundation.org.au. Heart disease in Australia [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014]. Available from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia heartfoundation.org.au. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Australia [Internet]. 2014 [cited August 2014]. Available from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia/prevalence-of-cardiovascular-disease-cvd-in-australia indiana.edu. Internal Validity [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/int_val.htm reference.com. What is the definition of a confounding variable? [Internet]. [cited]. Available from: https://www.reference.com/math/definition-confounding-variable-a860f01685df9a00# socialresearchmethods.net. Web center for social research methods [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intval.php Yu IT, Tse SL. Workshop 6--sources of bias in cross-sectional studies; summary on sources of bias for different study designs. Hong Kong medical journal= Xianggang yi xue za zhi/Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 2012 Jun;18(3):226-7.