Alzheimer’s Disease Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Alzheimer’s Disease Research Paper Essay Conceptual: Alzheimer’s sickness is the most well-known reason for dementia in old people. As of now, 4.5 million individuals in the United States roughly have Alzheimer’s illness. (Consumes) Alzheimer’s ailment presents the casualty with a sharp decrease in memory, language, visuospatial observation, official working and dynamic. Since this ailment is so unforgiving on people’s character, social and mental manifestations are often present in Alzheimer’s infection. The effect Alzheimer’s sickness has on medicinal services is critical and assessed to cost $100 billion dollars for every year and anticipated to ascend as it is an interest to discover new prescription and the quantity of Alzheimer’s infection singular ascent. (Consumes) There is medicine accessible, anyway there is at present no fix, the drugs that are given have side effects that don't modify the negative movement of the illness. Alzheimer’s sickness is characterized as dynamic, degenerative confusion that assaults the brain’s nerve cells and neurons bringing about lost memory, thinking, language aptitudes, and social changes. (Consumes) Alzheimer’s illness is portrayed by intellectual brokenness, mental side effects, conduct aggravations, and trouble performing day by day exercises. Alzheimer’s illness is right now the sixth driving reason for death in the United States and by and by 4.5 million Americans are living with it. Alzheimer’s infection is the main source of dementia in senior people. (Consumes) Even however there is no remedy for Alzheimer’s infection, the human services costs are incredibly high, being a little more than 100 billion dollars for each year. The confidence of the improvement of a fix or new treatments turns out to be progressively urgent consistently for new advances later on. (Consumes) The side effects of Alzheimer’s malady in each individual shift; the illness can be amazingly extreme and different occasions marginally mellow. Since Alzheimer’s malady is dynamic it propels over the long haul, it begins as the individual gets absent minded and looses a limited quantity of memory and proceeds to serious dementia and loosing memory totally. The psychological brokenness of an individual with Alzheimer’s malady incorporates memory misfortune, language troubles, and official brokenness, which comprises of lost more significant level arranging and scholarly coordination aptitudes. (Consumes) The mental side effects and conduct aggravations can be anything from despondency and fomentation to pipedreams. The mental side effects of Alzheimer’s sickness can likewise be all in all named as non-psychological indications. (Consumes) The general side effects of memory misfortune is consistently the main side effect of a lion's share of the instances of Alzheimer’s illness. The progressive beginning of memory misfortune has indistinguishable indications from ordinary maturing, in light of the fact that maturing shows manifestations of some dementia also, this can justifiably get confounding to analyze, and anyway Alzheimer’s sickness is certainly not a typical piece of maturing. (Consumes) The beginning of Alzheimer’s ailment is shrewd and rises with a mellow loss of memory and proceeds with trouble in finding the correct word to oblige sentences. A conclusions happens just when the side effects meddle fundamentally with regular day to day existence, for example, social and work capacities. Individual and enthusiastic changes inside the individual are basic for individuals who have Alzheimer’s infection. Significant burdensome issue happens in 20-35% of cases, while tension arrives at 15-25% of individuals who have been determined to have Alzheimer’s infection. (Consumes) Every 67 seconds somebody in the United States creates Alzheimer’s sickness. Ladies appear to get his the hardest with this sickness. In a women’s 60’s, the assessed hazard for creating Alzheimer’s is 1 of every 6 and 66% of Americans with Alzheimer’s illness are ladies. (Consumes) Not just are ladies bound to have Alzheimer’s, ladies are additionally bound to be parental figures of those with Alzheimer’s sickness. Alzheimer’s illness prompts nerve cell demise and tissue misfortune all through the mind. After some time, the cerebrum shrivels significantly along these lines, influencing almost the entirety of its capacities, particularly the memory. The cortex of the brainâ shrivels up and harms regions associated with deduction, arranging, and recalling. (Fackelmann) Shrinkage is particularly undermining in the hippocampus, which is the territory that structures new recollections. The ventricles, which are the liquid occupied spaces inside the cerebrum, become bigger to fill in the spots that have wilted. The tissue inside an Alzheimer’s quiet has less nerve cells and neural connections than a sound cerebrum. Nerve cells and neural connections are what convey messages all through the mind they are pivotal to the organic calculations that make up observation and thought. The dead nerve cells contain tangles, which are comprised of wound strands of another protein. The little bunches can clock the neurotransmitter and can actuate the insusceptible framework to trigger aggravation. (Fackelmann) The plaques and tangles spread all through the cortex in an anticipated example as Alzheimer’s malady advances. The pace of the movement of the knot and plaques inside the mind changes altogether. (Fackelmann) People with Alzheimer’s sickness live a normal of 8 years, however a few people can make due as long as 20 years. In a seriously progressed Alzheimer’s ailment the majority of the cortex is seriously harmed. (Fackelmann) This is the place the cerebrum had contracted drastically due to across the board cell passing. In this stage, people lose their capacity to convey, perceive their family and friends and family, and to think about themselves in their day by day exercises. The reason for Alzheimer’s illness is obscure, anyway scientists have connected a few hazard factors with Alzheimer’s ailment, for example, an expanding age, family ancestry, head injury (mitigating drugs have been related as a decrease of hazard), gloom, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, low physical and psychological action, diabetes, ailments that cause changes of chromosomes 1, 14, and 21, ApoE genotype, and people determined to have down condition in the long run builds up the neurological side effects of Alzheimer’s ailment. (Fackelmann) The hereditary commitment to Alzheimer’s malady is a hazard. The hazard for the principal level of family members of individuals with the infection is assessed at 10-40% higher than random individuals. (Whalley) The way that monozygotic (twins who share 100% of their hereditary material) have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins shows that there is a huge geneticâ component to Alzheimer’s malady. (Whalley) Because of the dangers expressed above, explores recommend that ecological elements are additionally a commitment to the findings of Alzheimer’s infection. Natural variables is affirmed by the way that the most grounded affiliation isn't accurate over all races; half of white patients with Alzheimer’s malady don't convey an e4 allele (ApoE genotype), which is a noteworthy hazard in getting Alzheimer’s ailment. (Whalley) The solution for Alzheimer’s illness is questionable and is essentially centered around remedial medicines that help some dementia and different indications related with it. For clinical reasons, non-sedate intercessions ought to be utilized at first, particularly if the manifestations are not causing pressure or putting the person in danger to themselves or to other people. In the event that non-sedate therapeutic intercessions have no impact, cholinesterase inhibitors are the ordinary medication treatment of decision for Alzheimer’s sickness. Cholinesterase inhibitors have a moderate gainful manifestations related with the medication. The medication adjusts side effects in the minority of individuals with Alzheimer’s ailment since it is pleasantly endured in most of people. Memantine is a medication that is a glutamatergic adversary that preliminaries have discovered successful in people that have serious dementia, anyway it is limited to those in clinical preliminaries. Cholinesterare inhibitors and memantine are known to deliver minimal recognizable enhancements in the exercises of every day life. Non-sedate methodologies are not compelling in helping memory misfortune, despite the fact that there are remedial strategies that help hold memory and can offer help for individuals with mellow dementia. Sources Consumes, A. Alzheimers Disease. English Medical Journal, 338, 467-471. Recovered June 2, 2014 Fackelmann, K. Forcasting Alzheimers Disease. Science News, 149, 312-313. Recovered June 2, 2014 Whalley, L. Hereditary qualities of Alzheimers Disease. English Medical Journal (clinical research version), 1556. Recovered June 2, 2014

Describe the challenges of making decisions in environments of high Research Paper

Depict the difficulties of settling on choices in conditions of rapid and intricacy (See directions) - Research Paper Example This exposition focuses on that with the substitution of human asset in this the computerized age it gets precarious to set up between the human asset and the advanced asset on whose data to use in dynamic. This is a test that must be tended to desperately, in light of the fact that the requirement for speed is inescapable while careful choices that the advanced asset may not accommodate might be crucial to tackle an issue. Overabundance utilization of the advanced innovation in the business may ignore or nail down the human asset. In spite of the fact that the computerized asset is significant and precise in dynamic, human asset in the e-business remains the most significant asset. This report makes an end that the separation between the two significant assets in the e-economy is essential for guaranteeing that the correct choices' are made while successfully utilizing the two assets. Debbie Maurice, the VP of training in Novell, said in a meeting that while she settles on 80% of her choices remotely utilizing the data in the, she is compelled to by and by visit the clients by and by trying to comprehend their requirements than depend on the web to do just for her. The choice to take such an activity stays to be finished by the significant section of the e-business world. Online business has been limited into buying over the web while in the genuine sense, it includes numerous different components.

General or Scientific Research Paper What Is the Difference

General or Scientific Research Paper: What Is the Difference? These two research papers differ in terms of format and structure. The field, the level of expertise, and assignment instructions determine which one you write. A General Research Paper This format is appropriate for writing in the humanities. Logical arrangement and critical analysis help readers to understand your deductions. A general research paper contains three main sections an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You also need to consider if the paper is argumentative, analytical, or one of the other types. Want to know more about how to  write a Research paper? Read an Ebook created by Edusson.com Click below to find it out :   Research Paper Writing: a Students Guide   Introduction An introduction provides background information to establish context. Define key terms or concepts here too. The most important sentence is the thesis statement which reveals the goal of your research or the argument you will make. Writing tip: Create a thesis statement by formulating a question that your paper will answer. For example How has Facebook changed the way people communicate nowadays? The answer to that question is the thesis statement for this topic. Body Here is where a strong outline makes writing easier. You know the number of body paragraphs to include. You have a main idea for each body paragraph as well as its supporting information, and you can integrate your sources to support claims. Remember you don’t summarize sources. You analyze, deconstruct, compare and explain them in order to lend weight to your paragraphs and, ultimately, your thesis statement. The number of body paragraphs depends on the depth of research. Longer projects need several headings and subheadings in the body. Conclusion End your paper with a conclusion that rephrases the thesis statement and summarizes main points. Explain your deductions and suggest areas of the topic that can be researched next. A Scientific Research Paper A scientific research paper uses a more rigid structure to present findings and methods. This creates a system of uniformity to deliver data to the scientific community. Because of its structure, people can obtain information from a scientific paper in different ways they can browse the abstract or go straight to tables and results. These are the main sections: Title The title describes the contents of your paper in a cohesive manner. The author’s name and institution appear below the title. Abstract This is a short but detailed paragraph summarizing the whole paper. Write this when your paper is complete because you might change sections as work progresses. An abstract should contain: The purpose of your paper The model or methodology used for findings Key results Conclusions based on your findings The normal length of an abstract is 200-300 words, but you should be as concise as possible. Use the past tense and offer an independent, comprehensive summary of your research methods and results. Make sure your abstract agrees with what you have written in your paper. Here’s a detailed look at an abstract. Introduction An introduction states why you conducted your research, and it gives context. It does this by: Outlining existing knowledge on the topic, citing sources of information Offering a brief statement on how you approached your research Stating the purpose of your research Do this by: presenting a hypothesis that your paper proves or disproves posing a question your paper answers Stating a problem you paper addresses An effective introduction gives readers adequate background. It should raise curiosity about your findings and entice them to read more. Materials and Method This section is necessary because it shows how dependable your findings are. The content of this section changes according to the research you conducted experiments and field studies differ in terms of methodology. Here is a detailed breakdown of what to include in this part of the paper.

Definition and Examples of Pro-Verbs in English

In English grammar, a proverb is a type of substitution in which a verb or verb phrase (such as do or do so) takes the place of another verb, usually to avoid repetition. Modeled on the term pronoun, pro-verb was coined by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (The Philosophy of Grammar, 1924), who also considered the functions of pro-adjectives, pro-adverbs, and pro-infinitives. The grammatical term pro-verb shouldnt be confused with the literary and rhetorical term proverb, a concise statement of a general truth. Examples and Observations In its . . . auxiliary use, the relation of do to verbs is similar to that of pronouns to nouns: You could call do in this function a proverb. (34a) We want that trophy more than they do.(34b) Ill taste your raw-beet casserole if Fred does. In the first example, do stands for want that trophy, and in the second, does substitutes for tastes your raw-beet casserole. - (Thomas P. Klammer, Muriel R. Schulz, and Angela Della Volpe, Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson Education, 2007) Animals suffer as much as we do. -(Albert Schweitzer) A child needs respect as do we adults. -(Zeus Yiamouyiannis, Subverting the Capitalist Model for Education. Educating Tomorrows Valuable Citizen, ed. by Joan N. Burstyn. SUNY Press, 1996) Yes, sure, I like it. I really do. -(Robert Stone, Damascus Gate. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998) Havent you heard? She thinks Im talented, I said dryly. I thought you did, too. - (V.C Andrews, Dawn. Pocket Books, 1990) Why, I must confess that I love him better than I do Bingley. -(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813) I love him better than I do you and all I hope is that you will find someone that will suit you as well as he does me. -(Ruth Karr McKee, Mary Richardson Walker: Her Book, 1945) No one knows better than I do, or can appreciate more keenly than I can, the value of the services you have rendered me and the satisfactory results of your friendly interest in me. -(John Roy Lynch, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch, ed. by John Hope Franklin. University of Chicago Press, 1970) [I]ts extremely difficult to narrate something like, say, a murder or rape in first-person present tense (though quite a few of my students have tried). Doing so often leads to unintentionally comic sentences. -(David Jauss, On Writing Fiction: Rethinking Conventional Wisdom About the Craft . Writers Digest Books, 2011) Pro-verb Do as a Responsive The use of the proverb do as a responsive is so productive that it occurs even when do does not appear in the preceding allocution as in (19): (19) A: Well, you remember, say, the troubles round here you know {}(19) B: Yeah, I do.(Ulster 28) In example (19) the pro-verb do rather than the lexical verb remember is employed. Based on this evidence, it is therefore inaccurate to say that what is being echoed or repeated in the responsive is the verb of the preceding allocation. Clearly, it is the pure nexus or the pro-verb do (the nexus marker) rather than the predicate remember that is being repeated. -(Gili Diamant, The Responsive System of Irish English. New Perspectives on Irish English, ed. by Bettina Migge and Mà ¡ire Nà ­ Chiosà ¡in. John Benjamins, 2012) Pro-verbs vs. Pronouns I asked him to leave and he did. Did is a proverb, used as a substitute for a verb just as a pronoun is a substitute for a noun. This is intuitively very comfortable, until we take a careful look. Even though the pronoun is conceptually unmotivated it is at least morphologically motivated as a separate part of speech. But the proverb is in no way a distinct part of speech; it is just as much a verb as the verb it replaces. Now, of course, no one has said that the proverb is a distinct part of speech, yet certainly the intuitive satisfaction we get from it is directly dependent on the parallel with the pronoun, and if it werent for the pronoun the new term would never have found currency. So instead of having a coherent theory in traditional grammar, one whose parts are integrated according to well-motivated, carefully controlled principles, we have something that is built up by free association. -(William Diver, Joseph Davis, and Wallis Reid, Traditional Grammar and Its Legacy in Twentieth-Century Linguistics. Langu age: Communication and Human Behavior: The Linguistic Essays of William Diver, ed. by Alan Huffman and Joseph Davis. Brill, 2012) Style Note on Generic Do Sometimes, when writers are unable to think of the precise verb to complete a sentence, they simply plug in do; for example, They did the rumba rather than They danced the rumba. When it does not refer back to a previously used verb, do is not a pro-form. It is a generic verb, from the top of the ladder of generalization, and people often resort to using it simply because they are unable to come up with a more accurate verb, and do will suffice in most cases. Take, for example, the now popular saying, Lets do lunch. But because of its lack of specificity, do often results in lifeless sentences, and therefore writers should avoid using it (except as a pro-form of auxiliary). Used as a generic verb, do does not create textual cohesion. -(Colleen Elaine Donnelly, Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press, 1994) Do and Happen The only members of the class of pro-verb are do and happen. These stand for any unidentified or unspecified process, do for actions and happen for events (or for actions encoded receptively, in some kind of passive form). Their occurrence does not necessarily involve an anaphoric or cataphoric reference. -(M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. Longman, 1976)

Descriptive Essay About Friendship - 1528 Words

The pain of realizing that someone who you care for is bad for you hurts. Like a knife in the back, I wasn’t expecting to find out that the person who I thought could help me ford the river of my woes was the same person who destroyed the bridge to cross it. But then I realize, they came just as they left. I remember the first time I met them, I locked eyes with them and then had a battle of the wits, the winner to be crowned the bigger fan of Harry Potter. Much to my dismay, I lost. By a landslide. My defeat set aside, I realized that I enjoyed the ticks and tocks of this person’s inner workings. I realized that the hum of their gears sliding together matched with that of mine, and that maybe together we could make a symphony of hums,†¦show more content†¦To me it was the sudden darkness of a child turning off the basement lights, then running up the stairs to avoid the monsters that lurked within. I had been scared by the new person in front of me. Gone was t he person who I had arguments with over who knew more about a certain book, replaced by someone who while at their worst I couldn’t recognize. Instead of trying to fix the problem and help them like I would now, I lashed out at them for not being who I thought I was. How dare this person who I had memories of only good times with not be the happy person I knew? My fear of not recognizing the person in front of me lead to anger, and eventually my anger to hate. I hated this person for something that they couldn’t have hoped to have control over at their age, but the mind of the young and naive boy that I was didn’t know or care to know that. And to finish the cycle that started with my fear, eventually ended in suffering. I felt betrayed by one who I held dear, and I didn’t want to feel like that ever again. I decided that I wouldn’t let anyone get close to me because I couldn’t get hurt if there was never the possibility of danger. I decided that I wouldn’t care what people had to say about me or who I hurt in protecting myself, but this lead me to be emotionally closed off to others. I gave up the opportunity to connect with others and truly enjoy life just so I couldn’t be hurt again. I thought that this was the onlyShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Friendship729 Words   |  3 Pages I once believed that a strong friendship could withstand anything, but all it takes is a minor disagreement or sarcastic comment to ruin one. My best friend Michaela and I could hardly contain our excitement as we stepped out of my dad s white convertible in front of the community building. We were wearing matching burgundy dresses for our friend Nancy s  quinceanera and the night had finally arrived.   Nancy greeted us at the door where we marveled over her sparkly teal dress. We couldn t waitRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Friendship921 Words   |  4 PagesFriendship is a bond between two or more people. 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Critical Appraisal Heart Foundation of Australia

Question: Discuss about theCritical Appraisalfor Heart Foundation of Australia. Answer: Introduction The study is to quantify the cardiovascular diseases, the assessment of the risk in the Australian population and the treatment associated with it like the lipid lowering therapy (2) The Heart Foundation of Australia analyses the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases. The Australian Bureau of Statistics and the Australian Health Survey in 2014 showed that it is the biggest reason of mortality with a risk greater than 26% (15) According to the Heart Foundation, the cardiovascular diseases contribute to 43,603 deaths, killing a person in every 12 minutes and every one in four suffer from CVD in rural and regional areas when compared to metropolitan cities where one in five suffer from the disease (16) The cross-sectional study design was adopted to study the 9564 people aged 18 years and participated in 2011-2012 at the Australian National Health Measures (ANHM) design survey (13) This design was adopted to study the extent of the CVD and the associated risk exposures in Australia. It is suitable for studying the prevalence of the behavior of a disease in a population (12) It is quick, easy to understand, cheap to maintain and based on questionnaire (4) The study design was beneficial in quantifying the CVD, the associated risks in different age groups and the assessment of it (10) The underlying treatment was also studied like the use of lipid lowering therapy (9) In general population, the study was aimed at making the people aware about the CVD, the associated risk and different strategies to reduce it by performing awareness programs, planning and implementation of the strategies. In the concerned population, the individual risk can be studied, the factors contributing to that risk and the management plan of the reduction of the risk. The disadvantage of the study is that it failed to identify the studies done previously for absolute CVD detection for population, the representative information, the integration of primary and the secondary CVD and the treatment of high blood pressure and lipid lowering therapy. The important disadvantage was the NHMS tool with limitations that lacked data of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH) and proteinuria in feeding NVDPA algorithm. The above limitation led to inclusion of participants that are older in age and already suffering from one or more weakness. The authors managed this disadvantage by the under-inclusion of absolute risk of CVD that had been underestimated in people above 74 years. The general population of interest is the study of CVD, the risk associated with it; implementation of CVD assessment on a large scale based on the absolute risk is most cost effective. The study sample was 9564 participants from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Australian Health Survey (2) of group of 18 years and the data provided by the National Health Measures (NHM) survey between the years March 2011 till September 2012 (14) The 30,329 eligible participants in NHM survey and 46.5% of it aged 45-74 years. This sample population is considered because they were aimed at quantifying the absolute cardiovascular disease risk in the adult Australian population aged 45-74 years and treatment of blood pressure with lipid lowering medications as the risk factors are most in this aged population with CVD. This age group is important as they have an absolute risk of a future CVD. The findings concerned the population in a generalized way that is undergoing the treatment for CVD and the related risk. The risk could be assessed before the commencement of the treatment and moreover the category changed when the ongoing treatment shifted with the consumption of the blood pressure and the lipid lowering medications (3) The findings could not be generalized to the groups of people who are at low risk for CVD as compared to the group of people who are at high risk and undergoing treatment with lipid lowering therapy and reduction of blood pressure. The concern for the study is appropriate. The cardiovascular diseases are reaching an alarming stage due to the sedentary lifestyle and due to obesity (5) The individual risk management, the factors contributing to the risk and the assessment of the concerned risk were also important that potentially benefitted to balance the harms and the benefits and cost-effectiveness of the associated treatment (1) American Diabetes Association. 8. Cardiovascular disease and risk management. Diabetes care. 2015 Jan 1;38(Supplement 1):S49-57. According to the above mentioned paper, cardiovascular disease is the major concern in people and the risk management in individuals. The blood pressure control with routine check-ups and self monitoring is important as it is an associated risk factor with CVD. The lipid management is also important as quoted by this article and it correlates with our concerned paper regarding the age group of 40 years and above. The lipid profile screening is crucial at the time of the first diagnosis and the initial evaluation for CVD. Jansen J, Bonner C, McKinn S, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Doust J, Teixeira-Pinto A, Hayen A, Turner R, McCaffery K. General practitioners use of absolute risk versus individual risk factors in cardiovascular disease prevention: an experimental study. BMJ open. 2014 May 1;4(5):e004812. The above paper stated the findings that justify the concerned paper. They found out that the management of risk in individuals is important for the absolute risk evaluation in CVD. The results could be concluded in a way in which the lipid lowering or blood pressure medication is provided for patients at low risk of CVD. It also stated that the management of individual risk is a more consistent approach for proper risk evaluation. Internal validity is a term used to evaluate the authenticity of the research. It refers to the well execution of the experiment and avoiding the independent variables like the cause that is acting simultaneously (17) The internal validity helps you to choose only one explanation over the other with high confidence limits as it avoids multiple possibilities (19) It approximates the truth about the cause-effect relationships. When we extend our findings to a generalized population at large is the external validity. It validates the result obtained from a small group whether in laboratory or to a small sample group and extended to entire population (6) The poor external validity does not justify the results along with the sampling and the selection criteria. The bias is defined as a tendency that occurs to systemic error during the introduction of sampling or selecting out just one outcome over the other ones. The scientists portray the outcome by performing research that influences the results called experimental bias. Bias is a qualitative research that makes the result more dependent (7) The error in research can be explained in a way that it is the difference between the average values obtained in a study and the true average value of the targeted population. The error explains the extent to which the study is lagging the mark by eliminating the flaws made in research study (8) The basic difference between the error and the bias in research is that error constitutes the flaws in a study result but the bias is only systematic in nature. When the data is collected in a way that is different from true value of the concerned population it is bias. The bias is a result of mistakes whereas the sampling error is selection of appropriate sam ple size and method (11) The potential sources of bias that arises in a cross-sectional study are selection bias and the informational bias. In selection bias, it is necessary to select a sample called the study population but this selection is done at random and not representative resulting in the serious selection bias. The investigator and the study subjects are considered in the selection bias. The information on the risks and the outcomes along with the other factors was considered. The possible related biases are obtained in performing the research. It is an information bias. The exposure and the outcome are the main considerations in information bias. A confounding variable is a pure prevalent of survey. It is also a potential source of bias. The dependent and the independent variable are considered in the experimental design. It is a secondary and a changing condition that hypothesize the experimenters inference of cause and the effect relationship. To maintain the integrity of the findings, the researchers control the confounding variables. The researcher needs to consider the potential conditions and the invalidation of the results. It is important to control the confounding variables so that the experimental findings are not unreliable (18) The notion of bias is related to the confounding variable. The positive and the negative confounding are relatable to the notion of bias. Concisely, confounding is a condition in which the effect between the exposure and the outcome is distorted in presence of another variable. When the observed association is away from the null called the biased condition in positive confounding and when the observed association is towards the null is the biased condition in negative confounding. The positive and the negative conditions intend to occur in confounding variables (20) References: Artac M, Dalton AR, Majeed A, Car J, Millett C. Effectiveness of a national cardiovascular disease risk assessment program (NHS Health Check): results after one year. Preventive medicine. 2013 Aug 31;57(2):129-34. Banks E, Crouch SR, Korda RJ, Stavreski B, Page K, Thurber KA, Grenfell R. Absolute risk of cardiovascular disease events, and blood pressure-and lipid-lowering therapy in Australia. Med J Aust. 2016 May 2;204(8):320. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Blood pressure-lowering treatment based on cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. The Lancet. 2014 Aug 22;384(9943):591-8. Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research methods in education. Routledge; 2013 Mar 7. De Schutter A, Lavie CJ, Milani RV. The impact of obesity on risk factors and prevalence and prognosis of coronary heart diseasethe obesity paradox. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2014 Feb 28;56(4):401-8. com. External Validity [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://explorable.com/external-validity com. Research Bias [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://explorable.com/research-bias com. Sampling Error [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://fluidsurveys.com/ Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2014 update. Circulation. 2014 Jan 21;129(3). Joffres M, Falaschetti E, Gillespie C, Robitaille C, Loustalot F, Poulter N, McAlister FA, Johansen H, Baclic O, Campbell N. Hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in national surveys from England, the USA and Canada, and correlation with stroke and ischaemic heart disease mortality: a cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 2013 Aug 1;3(8):e003423. science.psu.edu. Lesson 4: Bias and Random Error [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://onlinecourses.science.psu.edu/stat509/node/26 Sedgwick P. Cross sectional studies: Advantages and disadvantages. Brit. Med. J. 2014 Mar 26;348. abs.gov.au. 4363.0.55.001 - Australian Health Survey: Users' Guide, 2011-13[Internet]. 2015 [cited May 2013]. Available from: https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4363.0.55.001 aihw.gov.au. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes and chronic kidney disease Australia facts [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2014]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=60129549614 heartfoundation.org.au. Heart disease in Australia [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014]. Available from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia heartfoundation.org.au. Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in Australia [Internet]. 2014 [cited August 2014]. Available from: https://www.heartfoundation.org.au/about-us/what-we-do/heart-disease-in-australia/prevalence-of-cardiovascular-disease-cvd-in-australia indiana.edu. Internal Validity [Internet]. [Cited]. Available from: https://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/int_val.htm reference.com. What is the definition of a confounding variable? [Internet]. [cited]. Available from: https://www.reference.com/math/definition-confounding-variable-a860f01685df9a00# socialresearchmethods.net. Web center for social research methods [Internet]. [Cited]. 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Mark Cuban Essays - Marketing, E-commerce, Direct Marketing

Mark Cuban I. Situation Analysis 1. Background The Faith Mountain Company has experienced a great deal of success since opening in 1977. What Cheri and Martin Woodard began as a local store that sold herbs, related products, and antiques has slowly evolved into a major mail-order catalog company and retail store that develops, manufactures, and markets high-quality gifts, apparel, and home accessories. In 1991, Faith Mountain was still a relatively small company with less than 50 employees. However, sales have been steadily increasing for Faith Mountain, as they went from about $1.2 million in sales in 1987 to just over $5 million in 1991. In 1991 The Faith Mountain Company set for itself the overall goal of $25 million in annual sales by 1995, with $10 million coming from sales from the Faith Mountain catalog, $5 million from the retail division, and $10 million from the acquisition and development of another catalog company. Reaching these goals will have implications in all areas of operation, including expansion, human resour ces, marketing, and finance. 2. Industry Overview The Faith Mountain Company operates in the specialty mail-order industry. According to a study by Arnold Fishman of Marketing Logistics, the total mail-order sales in the United States in 1990 topped $200 billion, with consumer mail order at $98.2 billion. Of the consumer mail order, $40.7 billion was spent on services; $44.5 billion was spent on specialty merchandisers, and $13 billion on products from general merchandisers. Total mail order sales for 1990 reflected 10.1 percent of general merchandise sales, 3.2 percent of retail sales, 2.1 percent of consumer services, and 1.8 percent of gross national product for the year. On a per capita basis, Americans spent an average of $393 on mail-order purchases in 1990. Specialty mail-order vendors, such as The Faith Mountain Company, have a substantially greater share (77 percent) of consumer mail-order product sales than do general merchandising mail-order vendors such as J.C. Penney (23 percent). As credit card companies offer new inducements and incentives to customers who shop by mail, it is anticipated that shopping by mail will become more prevalent. However, third-class postage rate increases and the placement of taxes on mail-order goods in some states may have a negative affect on the mail-order industry. 3. Business Unit Analysis The Faith Mountain Company develops, manufactures, and markets high-quality gifts, apparel, and home accessories, distributing through use of two business units, the mail-order unit, which distributes catalogs four times per year and provided the bulk of the 1991 total sales with about $4.7 million in revenue, and the retail-store unit, which had revenues of nearly $300 thousand. Both units operated under the same premise, that they achieve competitive advantage by providing customers with superiority in merchandise, quality, and service. Faith Mountain gained superiority in merchandise by seeking exclusive marketing rights for products and by moving more towards private labeling. High standards of quality were provided to customers because Faith Mountain manufactured about 20 percent of its merchandise, which means they could customize and personalize products to an individual customers needs. Superior service was being achieved in the mail-order division by implementing a system designed to answer 90 percent of all customer service inquiries within the first two minutes, and service operators were authorized to do whatever it took to keep customers happy. However, pricing was also a priority to Faith Mountain, as customer service policies included guaranteed lowest prices. The retail store featured the same product lines as those in the catalog, but not all items from the catalog were sold in the store, and about 20 percent of the store merchandise was not offered in the catalog. Also, the retail store benefits substantially from the catalog, as the stores sales revenue and traffic increases after the release of a new catalog. Because the Faith Mountain Company is relatively small, the Woodards were able to successfully supervise nearly all facets of both the retail division and the mail-order division without much difficulty. However, with the Woodards intending to open another retail store and increasing their customer bases with the mail order division, they may have to rely on middle management to overtake some of the duties that they had previously handled. 4. Buyer Analysis The Faith Mountain Company had a specific target market in